Partial regression of peripapillary myelinated nerve fibers after non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy / Regressão parcial das fibras nervosas peripapilares mielinizadas após neuropatia óptica isquêmica anterior não arterítica

ABSTRACT A 71-year-old woman presented a non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in an optic nerve with previously registered superonasal peripapillary myelinated nerve fibers. Her past medical history was significant for controlled systemic hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. The physiologic cup was absent in both optic discs. Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy mainly affected the temporal and inferior sectors of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer, as could be demonstrated by retinal nerve fiber layer optical coherence tomography and optic disc optical coherence tomography angiography. Unlike other published reports, just a slight regression of the myelinated nerve fibers was observed after 1 year of follow-up. This occurred because ischemia mainly affected the temporal and inferior peripapillary sectors, whereas myelinated nerve fibers were superonasal to the optic disc.

RESUMO Uma mulher de 71 anos de idade apresentou neuropatia óptica isquêmica anterior não arterítica no nervo óptico com fibras nervosas peripapilares mielinizadas previamente registradas. Seu histórico médico foi significativo para hipertensão arterial sistêmica controlada, hiperlipidemia e diabetes mellitus. Em ambos os discos ópticos, a tacícula fisiológica esteve ausente. A neuropatia óptica isquêmica anterior não arterítica afetou principalmente os setores temporal e inferior da camada de fibras nervosas da retina peripapilar, como demonstrado pela tomografia de coerência óptica da camada de fibras nervosas da retina e pela angiotomografia de coerência óptica do disco óptico. Ao contrário de outros relatórios publicados, apenas uma ligeira regressão das fibras nervosas mielinizadas foi observada após um ano de acompanhamento. Isto pode ser explicado pelo fato da isquemia ter afetado principalmente os setores temporal e inferior peripapilares, enquanto as fibras nervosas de mielina eram nasal superior ao disco óptico.

Total recovery of visual acuity in a pediatric patient with compressive optic neuropathy secondary to sphenoid sinus mucocele / Recuperação total da acuidade visual na neuropatia óptica compressiva secundária à mucocele do seio esfenoidal em paciente pediátrico

ABSTRACT We present an unusual case of a 13-year-old male pediatric patient with a diagnosis of sphenoid sinus mucocele. The patient suffered a progressive loss of visual acuity over three months followed by a total recovery of his visual acuity after surgery. The patient presented at the emergency room complaining of progressive loss of visual acuity in his left eye which decreased to hand motion over the preceding months. Imaging studies revealed a cystic mass, suggestive of sphenoid sinus mucocele, which was causing compressive optic neuropathy and proptosis. The patient was scheduled for a sphenoidectomy and resection of the mass. Three days after surgery, the patient's visual acuity in the left eye was 20/20, indicating complete recovery from his symptoms. We suggest that the excellent outcome in this patient may be attributable to his age. His ongoing physical development might have been the decisive factor in the recovery of his visual acuity following compressive optic neuropathy secondary to sphenoid sinus mucocele. Further research is needed to verify this proposed explanation.

RESUMO Apresentamos um caso incomum de paciente pediátrico com diagnóstico de mucocele de seio esfenoidal, que apresentou perda progressiva da acuidade visual ao longo de três meses, resultando em recuperação total da acuidade visual após a cirurgia. Paciente do sexo masculino, 13 anos, procurou o pronto-socorro, queixando-se de perda progressiva da acuidade visual do olho esquerdo nos últimos três meses. Exames de imagem revelaram uma massa cística sugestiva de mucocele de seio esfenoidal, causando neuropatia óptica compressiva e proptose. O paciente foi agendado para esfenoidectomia e ressecção da massa. Três dias após a cirurgia, a acuidade visual do paciente no olho esquerdo era de 20/20, apresentando recuperação completa dos sintomas. Diante dos resultados de nosso paciente, sugerimos que a idade do paciente pode ser decisiva na recuperação da acuidade visual de uma neuropatia óptica compressiva secundária à mucocele de seio esfenoidal. Mais pesquisas são necessárias para verificação desses dados.

Factor de crecimiento nervioso en neuropatía óptica traumática

La neuropatía óptica traumática (TON) es una entidad asociada al trauma facial y craneal, y constituye una causa importante para el desarrollo de la ceguera; es una complicación grave del trauma craneofacial que daña directa (dTON) o indirectamente (iTON) el nervio óptico (ON), cuya incidencia global de TON es de 0,7 a 2,5 %. El objetivo del presente estudio es presentar el caso de un paciente que padecía de TON y a la vez de una afección bilateral asimétrica, y que fue tratado con el factor de crecimiento nervioso mNGF. Este medicamento fue el primero que se descubrió y demostró eficacia en mantener la supervivencia de las neuronas centrales y periféricas y facilitar su crecimiento, diferenciación y regeneración. Se trata de un paciente de 13 años, sexo masculino, quien acude a la emergencia del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas y, posteriormente, su seguimiento clínico es por consultorio de Neuroftalmología, con un cuadro de amaurosis traumática, producto de un traumatismo encéfalo craneano con hematoma epidural, que recibió dos ciclos de tratamiento con factor de crecimiento nervioso. Luego del primer ciclo de tratamiento, se evidenció hiporreactividad de ambos ojos; al finalizar el segundo ciclo de tratamiento, se observó un aumento considerable de la agudeza visual. El mNGF está aprobado y comercializado en China desde el año 2015 y es un producto que ha demostrado su eficacia y seguridad en varios ensayos clínicos. Por ello, el presente estudio pretende convertir al factor de crecimiento nervioso como el tratamiento prometedor de iTON; en ese sentido, se necesita de amplias investigaciones clínicas en este caso en particular.

Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) is an entity associated with facial and cranial trauma, and a leading cause of blindness. It is a severe complication of craniofacial trauma that directly (DTON) or indirectly (ITON) damages the optic nerve (ON) and whose global incidence is 0.7 to 2.5 %. The objective of this study is to present the case of a patient who suffered from TON and, at the same time, an asymmetrical bilateral condition, and was treated with nerve growth factor (NGF). This drug was the first to be discovered and demonstrate efficacy in maintaining the survival of central and peripheral neurons and facilitating their growth, differentiation and regeneration. A 13-year-old male patient attended the emergency room of Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas and was later followed up at the Neuro-Ophthalmology Service. He was diagnosed with post-traumatic amaurosis caused by traumatic brain injury and epidural hematoma, and received two treatment cycles of NGF. After the first treatment cycle, hyporeactivity of both eyes occurred. And, at the end of the second treatment cycle, visual acuity improved significantly. NGF has been approved and marketed in China since 2015 and is a product that has demonstrated its efficacy and safety in several clinical trials. Therefore, this study aims to make NGF a promising ITON treatment; in that sense, further clinical research is needed in this particular case.

Gas tamponade followed by laser treatment for macular retinal detachment secondary to optic pit / Tamponamento com gás seguido de laser para descolamento de retina secundário à fosseta de disco óptico

ABSTRACT Purpose: The study aimed to describe anatomic and visual outcomes associated with perfluoropropane intravitreal injection followed by laser treatment for macular retinal detachment secondary to optic disc pit. Methods: A single-center, retrospective study. Medical records of all patients treated at a tertiary retina referral center were evaluated between 2011 and 2018 for congenital optic disc pit-associated macular detachment with 0.3 ml 100% perfluoropropane intravitreal injection followed by retinal laser photocoagulation along the temporal optic disc margin as the initial treatment. Results: Six patients with optic disc pit-associated macular detachment were identified, with postoperative follow-up ranging from 13 to 52 months (mean: 28 months). Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) showed complete fluid resolution without recurrence in five of the six cases. Four cases showed complete reabsorption after Intravitreal perfluoropropane plus laser, one patient needed an extra procedure (pars plana vitrectomy with inner limiting membrane peeling and pedicle flap inversion over the temporal optic disc margin) to achieve complete fluid reabsorption, and one patient had persistent intraretinal fluid and denied additional surgeries. The time between the initial procedure and total fluid reabsorption varied from 6.5 to 41 months (mean: 19.5 months). Best-corrected visual acuity improved after surgery on the last follow-up visit in all cases. Conclusion: 100% perfluoropropane intravitreal injection followed by photocoagulation along temporal optic disc margin was associated with anatomic and visual improvement in most cases, representing an alternative treatment approach for optic disc pit-associated macular detachment.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever os resultados anatômicos e visuais associados à injeção intravítrea de perfluoropropano seguida de tratamento a laser para descolamento de retina macular secundário à fosseta do disco óptico. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo em um único centro. Foram revisados os prontuários médicos dos pacientes com descolamento macular associado a fosseta do disco óptico congênito em um centro de referência terciário de retina entre 2011 e 2018. Todos receberam como estratégia de tratamento inicial injeção intravítrea de perfluoropropano 100% seguido por fotocoagulação a laser ao longo da margem temporal do disco óptico. Resultados: Foram identificados seis pacientes com descolamento macular associado a fosseta do disco óptico durante o período do estudo. O seguimento pós-operatório variou de 13 a 52 meses, com média de 28 meses. SD-OCT demonstrou resolução completa do fluido em cindo dos seis casos, sem recorrência. Quatro casos apresentaram reabsorção completa após perfluoropropano intravítreo associado a laser, e um paciente necessitou de procedimento adicional (vitrectomia via pars plana com peeling da membrana limitante interna e inversão do retalho do pedículo sobre a margem temporal do disco óptico) para obter reabsorção completa de fluidos. Um paciente apresentou fluido intrarretiniano persistente e negou tratamentos adicionais. O tempo entre o procedimento inicial e a resolução completa do fluido variou entre 6,5 a 41 meses, com média de 19,5 meses. A acuidade visual corrigida melhorou após a cirurgia, considerando a última consulta de acompanhamento em todos os casos. Conclusão: A injeção intravítrea de perfluoropropano 100% seguida de fotocoagulação ao longo da margem temporal da margem do disco óptico foi associada à melhora anatômica e visual na maioria dos casos e representa uma abordagem terapêutica alternativa para o descolamento macular associado a fosseta do disco óptico.

Application of optical coherence tomography angiography in optic nerve diseases / 中华实验眼科杂志

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) can be used to obtain retinal and choroidal blood flow images of optic disc and macular area, and evaluate the vascular morphology and blood perfusion of different layers in different areas of optic disc and macular area.It provides rich possibilities for the description and quantification of optic nerve diseases, the exploration of disease pathogenesis, and the development and evaluation of new treatments.In recent years, OCTA has played an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of optic nerve diseases.It is helpful in the diagnosis of optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathy, papilledema secondary to idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and to some extent to evaluate the visual function of affected eyes.The vascular morphology and quantitative analysis of the optic disc and macular area by OCTA may be of value in discriminating optic disc swelling from various etiologies and different types of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, and facilitate further exploration of the pathogenesis of optic nerve diseases.This article reviewed the application status, recent progress and limitations of OCTA in the diagnosis, differential diagnosis and pathogenesis of optic nerve diseases.OCTA is still not in the stage of meaningful clinical use in neuro-ophthalmology, but its application can be wider as there are more meaningful researches and findings.

Straatsma syndrome / Síndrome de Straatsma

Abstract The presence of retinal myelinated nerve fibers is not a rare finding during routine examinations, and it is usually a benign and isolated finding. However, in some rare cases, it can be associated with other ophthalmological conditions. We describe a case of a patient with the triad myelin nerve fibers, myopia and ambliopia, which configures the Straatsma Syndrome.

Resumo A presença de fibras de mielina é um achado comum durante exames oftalmológicos de rotina. Na maior parte das vezes, tem caráter beningno e é um achado isolado. No entanto, em alguns raros casos, a presença de mielinização pode estar associada a outras condições oftalmológicas. Descrevemos um caso de paciente com a tríade presença de fibras nervosas retinianas mielinizadas, miopia, e ambliopia, configurando a síndrome de Straatsma.

Importância do raciocínio etiológico e topográfico de lesões: relato de neuropatia óptica traumática conduzida como acidente vascular cerebral / Importance of etiological and topographic injury reactions: report of a traumatic optic neuropathy conducted as a cerebrovascular accident

Introdução: O trauma ocular ou periocular pode afetar o nervo óptico e causar baixa acuidade visual ou alteração de campo visual. Essa lesão, denominada neuropatia óptica, quando de etiologia traumática, pode ser classificada como direta, através da compressão, perfuração ou laceração do nervo óptico por ação de corpos estranhos, fraturas do assoalho da órbita ou hemorragias, e indireta, quando a partir de um trauma externo ao globo ocular há lesão por transmissão da onda de choque ou desaceleração, levando à lesão do nervo óptico pelo estiramento de suas fibras ou edema comprometendo sua vascularização, comum nos acidentes automobilísticos e nas quedas. Descrição do Caso: O presente estudo objetiva relatar um caso de neuropatia óptica traumática conduzida erroneamente como acidente vascular cerebral em uma paciente do sexo feminino de 29 anos, com história de queda da própria altura. Discussão: A investigação feita pela história clínica, evolução do quadro e novos achados fundoscópicos permitiu o diagnóstico correto e melhor orientação da paciente. Conclusão: O conhecimento da neuropatia óptica traumática e da anatomia da via óptica têm extrema importância no raciocínio topográfico e etiológico das lesões traumáticas que cursam com comprometimento visual, poupando o paciente de possíveis intervenções invasivas e desnecessárias (AU)

Introduction: Eye or periocular trauma can affect the optic nerve and cause low visual acuity or visual field alteration. This lesion, called optic neuropathy, when of traumatic etiology, can be classified as direct, through compression, perforation or laceration of the optic nerve by action of foreign bodies, fractures of the orbit floor or hemorrhages, and indirect, when from an external trauma to the eyeball there is injury by transmission of the shock wave or deceleration, leading to optic nerve injury by stretching its fibers or edema compromising its vascularization, common in automobile accidents and falls. Case Report: The present study aims to describe a case of traumatic optic neuropathy mistakenly conducted as a stroke in a 29-yearold female patient with a history of falling from his own height. Discussion: The investigation was possible because of the clinical history, evolution of the condition and new fundoscopic findings that allowed the correct diagnosis and better orientation of the patient. Conclusion: Knowledge of traumatic optic neuropathy and anatomy of the optical pathway have extreme importance in the topographic and etiological reasoning of traumatic lesions that present with visual impairment, saving the patient from possible interventions invasive and unnecessary. (AU)

El glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto, caracterización clínica en Pinar del Río / Primary open-angle glaucoma, clinical characterization in Pinar del Rio

RESUMEN Introducción: el glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto es el tipo más común y representa la segunda causa de ceguera irreversible, por lo que es una enfermedad compleja y heterogénea. Objetivo: caracterizar de forma clínica a los pacientes atendidos en la consulta provincial de glaucoma de Pinar del Río, durante el periodo 2017 a 2018. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal. Se examinaron 1 447 pacientes en la consulta provincial de glaucoma, con el diagnóstico de glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto, en el período enero 2017- diciembre del 2018. Resultados: el 67,3 % de los pacientes estudiados pertenecieron al grupo etario de 60-80 años de edad y el 70 % eran del sexo masculino. El 37,8 % tenían un color de la piel mestizo. El 68,7 % presentaron un glaucoma leve y el 89,8 % tenían una agudeza visual entre 1,0-0,3. El 68,7 % de los pacientes tenían una tensión ocular por debajo de 21 mmHg. El 75,2 % de los pacientes tenían un tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad de más de cinco años y el 89,4 % llevaba tratamiento médico. Conclusiones: el glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto fue más frecuente en edades avanzadas, en el sexo masculino y en los mestizos. La mayoría tenía buena agudeza visual mejor corregida en su mejor ojo y tensiones oculares normales. Prevaleció el glaucoma leve, con un tiempo de evolución de más de cinco años y con tratamiento médico para el control de la enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: primary open-angle glaucoma is the most common type and represents the second cause of irreversible blindness, being a complex and heterogeneous disease. Objective: to characterize from the clinical point of view the patients who attended the provincial clinic of glaucoma during January 2017-December 2018. Methods: cross-sectional, descriptive study. A total of 1447 patients were examined at the provincial clinic of glaucoma, with the diagnosis of primary open-angle glaucoma in the period January 2017-December 2018. The variables included were: age, sex, skin color, and better corrected visual acuity in the best eye, ocular tension, glaucoma severity, evolution time and treatment at the time of study. Results: 67,3 % of the patients studied belonged to the age group of 60-80 years old and 70 % were male. The 37,8 % were people of mixed race, the 68,7 % presented a mild glaucoma and 89,8 % had a visual acuity between 1.0-0.3; 68,7 % of the patients had an ocular pressure below 21 mmHg; 75,2 % of the patients had a disease evolution time of more than 5 years and 89,4 % underwent medical treatment. Conclusions: primary open-angle glaucoma was more frequent in advanced ages, in males and in people of mixed race. The majority had good visual acuity and a better correction in their best eye and normal ocular pressure. Mild glaucoma prevailed, with an evolution time of more than 5 years and with medical treatment for the control of the disease.

Correlação entre parâmetros cardiovasculares e alterações glaucomatosas do nervo óptico em portadores de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva / Correlation between cardiovascular parameters and glaucomatous changes in the optic nerve in patients with low-output heart failure

Resumo Objetivos: Correlacionar parâmetros oftalmoscópicos e cardiovasculares em pacientes com diagnóstico de insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFER) e avaliar a associação entre ICFER e alterações do nervo óptico sugestivas de glaucoma. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, observacional, prospectivo, composto por amostra 30 pacientes com diagnóstico de ICFER. Os pacientes foram submetidos ao exame oftalmológico, que incluiu biomicroscopia, avaliação da acuidade visual, aferição da PIO (pressão intraocular), gonioscopia e medida de ECC (espessura central corneana). A avaliação de parâmetros cardiovasculares, como PAM (pressão arterial média), FEVE (fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo), comorbidades e tempo de diagnóstico de IC foi realizada a partir de revisão de prontuário médico. Arbitrariamente foi escolhido o olho esquerdo para análise estatística dos dados. A correlação estatística foi realizada através do teste de Spearman, e a comparação através do teste U de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: Observou-se uma alta prevalência de atrofia peripapilar (73,3%), além de uma correlação positiva, moderada e estatisticamente significativa entre FEVE e PPO (pressão de perfusão ocular) (r = 0,517; p = 0,004). Apesar da ausência de significância das comparações pelo Teste U de Mann-Whitney, evidenciou-se uma maior prevalência de atrofia peripapilar nos pacientes que apresentavam uma menor PAM, menor FEVE e menor PPO. Conclusão: A ICFER pode ser um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de alterações glaucomatosas no disco do nervo óptico. A atrofia peripapilar e a baixa pressão de perfusão ocular resultantes do déficit contrátil cardíaco podem estar relacionadas com a teoria vascular do desenvolvimento do glaucoma de pressão.

Abstract Objectives: To correlate ophthalmoscopic and cardiovascular parameters in patients diagnosed with low-output heart failure (HFrEF) and to evaluate the association between HFrEF and glaucoma-suggestive alterations in the optic nerve. Methods: Descriptive, observational and prospective study, composed of 30 patients diagnosed with HFrEF. The patients were submitted to ophthalmologic examination, which included biomicroscopy, visual acuity, gonioscopy, intraocular pressure (IOP) and central corneal thickness (CCT) measurement. Their cardiovascular parameters evaluation, such as mean arterial pressure (MAP), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), comorbidities and diagnosis time of HFrEF was performed upon a review over their medical chart. The left eye was arbitrarily chosen for statistical analysis of the data. Statistical correlation was performed using the Spearman test, while the comparison was performed using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Results: A high prevalence of peripapillary atrophy (73.3%) was observed, as well as a positive, moderate and statistically significant correlation between LVEF and ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) (r = 0.517; p = 0.004). Despite the lack of significance of the Mann-Whitney U-Test comparisons, a higher prevalence of peripapillary atrophy was found in patients with lower MAP, lower LVEF and lower OPP. Conclusion: HFrEF may be a risk factor for the development of glaucomatous changes in the optic nerve disc. The resulting peripapillary atrophy and low OPP from the contractile deficit may be related to the vascular theory about normal-tension glaucoma development.

Risk evaluation of intracranial infection in patients treated with neuroendoscopy optic nerve tube decompression / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To evaluate the risk of intracranial infection in patients treated with neuroendoscopy optic nerve tube decompression, and compare the risk of intracranial infection between surgery treatment and methylprednisolone treatment. Methods The clinical data of 105 patients with traumatic optic neuropathy from January 2013 to December 2017 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 74 patients were treated with transsphenoidal approach neuroendoscopy optic nerve tube decompression (operation group), and cured with antibiotics during perioperative period; 31 patients were treated with intravenous methylprednisolone sodium succinate (hormone group), and combined with mouse nerve growth factor etc. Meanwhile, broad-spectrum antibiotics were used to prevent the potential infection during the first 3 d of hospitalization. The incidence of intracranial infection was compared between 2 groups. Results The incidence of intracranial infection in operation group was 4.05%(3/74), that in hormone group was 3.23%(1/31), and there was no statistical difference between 2 groups (χ2=0.127, P＞0.05). Conclusions Compared with conservative treatment, the neuroendoscopy optic nerve tube decompression has less or equivalent chance to increase the risk of intracranial infection in patients with traumatic optic neuropathy. Accordingly, it could be viewed as the first-line treatment.

Amaurose por neuropatia óptica traumática direta secundária à corpo estranho transorbitário: relato de um caso atípico / Amaurosis by Traumatic Optic Neuropathy direct secondary to the "transorbitario" foreign body: Report of an atypical case

Resumo Neste trabalho descreve-se o caso clínico de um paciente do sexo masculino que evoluiu para cegueira tardia por neuropatia óptica traumática após queda de bicicleta. Enfatiza-se a importância do exame oftalmológico/reflexos pupilares e da tomografia computadorizada no diagnóstico de corpo estranho orbitário, sua remoção cirúrgica, abordagem interdisciplinar e evolução.

Abstract The purpose of this research is to describe a clinical study of a male patient who experienced late-blindness due to traumatic optic neuropathy after getting into a bicycle accident. It is stressed the importance of performing pupillary/reflexes examination and computed tomography scan in order to diagnose "transorbitário" foreign body. It is also cover its surgical removal as well as an interdisciplinary approach and clinical evolution.

Amnesia anterógrada debida a lesión bilateral de los hipocampos en un paciente probablemente intoxicado con metanol / Anterograde amnesia due to bilateral lesion of the hippocampus in a patient probably intoxicated with metanol

RESUMEN Se presenta el caso clínico de un hombre de 56 años que ingresó con un cuadro agudo de alteración de la conciencia luego de intoxicación alcohólica. Durante su hospitalización se evidenció alteración de la memoria anterógrada y neuropatía óptica derecha. Las imágenes diagnósticas demostraron lesiones bilaterales de los hipocampos, globos pálidos y corteza cerebral frontal paramediana. La evaluación neuropsicológica confirmó una grave amnesia anterógrada que mejoró muy poco al cabo de 2 años de seguimiento. A pesar de la falta de confirmación por el laboratorio, las manifestaciones clínicas y las imágenes están a favor de una intoxicación por metanol. Se llama la atención sobre esta rara presentación clínica.

SUMMARY We report the case of a 56-year-old man who was hospitalized because acute altered consciousness after alcoholic intoxication. During his hospitalization, there was observed an alteration of anterograde memory and right optic neuropathy. Diagnostic images showed bilateral lesions of the hippocampus, globus pallidus and paramedian cerebral frontal cortex. The neuropsychological evaluation confirmed a severe anterograde amnesia that barely improved after 2 years of follow up. Despite the lack of confirmation by the laboratory, the clinical manifestations and imaging results are in favor of methanol intoxication. Attention is drawn to this rare clinical presentation.

Recurrent idiopathic neuroretinitis as a spectrum of atypical optic neuritis: a case report and literature review / Neurorretinite recorrente idiopática como espectro da neurite óptica atípica: relato de caso e revisão da literatura

ABSTRACT Recurrent idiopathic neuroretinitis is an inflammatory optic neuropathy characterized by optic nerve edema and macular star, associated with painless and recurrent episodes of visual loss, poor visual prognosis, and visual field defects related to nerve fiber layer injury. The disorder is sometimes mistaken for atypical optic neuritis. However, early diagnosis is important for visual recovery. Long-term immunosuppression has been shown to reduce the rate of recurrence and protect against severe and irreversible vision loss.

RESUMO Neurorretinite recorrente idiopática é uma neuropatia óptica inflamatória caracterizada por edema do nervo óptico e estrela macular associada a episódios recorrentes de perda visual indolor, baixo prognóstico visual e desfeitos de campo visual relacionados a injúria da camada de fibras nervosas. Essa condição pode ser confundida com neurite óptica atípica e seu correto diagnóstico é importante para o prognóstico visual, uma vez que a imunossupressão continua previne episódios recorrentes que podem levar a perda visual severa e irreversível.

Effective Delivery of Exogenous Compounds to the Optic Nerve by Intravitreal Injection of Liposome

PURPOSE: To improve the treatment efficiency of optic nerve diseases by delivering therapeutic materials to the optic nerve directly. METHODS: We tried to optimize liposomal composition to deliver a payload to the optic nerve efficiently when it is injected intravitreally. After loading dexamethasone into this liposome, we tested the therapeutic effect of liposomes in this treatment using a murine model of ischemic optic neuropathy. RESULTS: Our optimized liposome can deliver its payload to the optic nerve more efficiently than other tested compositions. Moreover, dexamethasone-loaded liposomes had a significant therapeutic effect in a murine model of ischemic optic neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS: Here, we demonstrate the optimal composition of liposomes that could efficiently deliver intravitreally injected exogenous compounds to the optic nerve. We expect that the intravitreal injection of liposomes with the suggested composition would improve the delivery efficacy of therapeutic compounds to the optic nerve.

Study of MR diffusion tensor imaging to monitor the damage degree of optic nerve in non?arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy / 中华放射学杂志

Objective To study the feasibility and value of magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to monitor non?arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). Methods Thirty eight NAION patients (56 eyes) were divided into acute period in 17 eyes, progressive period in 16 eyes and chronic period in 23 eyes at the base of onset time. According to matching principle, 56 eyes in 38 normal controls (NCs) were enrolled. All the patients and NCs underwent MR and DTI scan. The raw data were processed by two experienced radiologists, mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivities (λ//), radial diffusivities (λ┴), fractional anisotropy (FA) and Length value were got. The independent sample t test was used for the parameter values between the NAION group and the NCs group. A single factor variance analysis was used to compare the parameters among different stages of NAION group. Results Compared to the NCs group, the values of FA and Length in NAION group were reduced [0.20±0.11 vs 0.31±0.12, (5.85±0.92) vs (65.11± 6.89) mm], and the differences were statistically significant (t=-4.28,-5.25;P<0.05). The values of MD andλ┴were increased [(0.16±0.04)×10-3 vs (0.10±0.04)×10-3 mm2/s, (0.16±0.05)×10-3 vs (0.09±0.03)×10-3 mm2/s] in NAION group and the differences were statistically significant (t=6.83, 7.10;P<0.05). The value of FA and Length in acute period, progressive period and chronic period of the NAION group decreased differently compared to the NCs group. At the same time, the value of MD value and λ┴in the three periods of the NAION group increased compared to the NCs groupand the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The value of FA between the acute period, the progressive period, and the chronic period of NAION group were statistically signficant (F=10.88, P<0.05). However, no significant differences were found in the values of MD, λ┴and Length of the NAION group (F=0.23, 0.64, 0.33, 1.38;P=0.79, 0.54, 0.72, 0.27). Conclusion The parameters of DTI can be used to monitor the damage of optic nerve and development in NAION.

Factors Affecting ISNT Rule Satisfaction in Normal and Glaucomatous Eyes

PURPOSE: To determine the factors that influence the satisfaction of the ‘ISNT rule’ (neural rim width: inferior ≥ superior ≥ nasal ≥ temporal) in normal and glaucomatous eyes. METHODS: The medical records of patients that visited Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea, were reviewed. Each group of normal and glaucomatous eyes was divided into subgroups based on whether or not they satisfied the ISNT rule. ISNT rule assessment was performed by measuring the rim width with stereoscopic optic disc photographs using ImageJ software. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the factors that affect ISNT rule satisfaction. RESULTS: Seventy-seven normal eyes and 97 glaucomatous eyes were included in the study. The ISNT rule was intact in 59 (76.6%) of the normal eyes and was violated in 71 (73.2%) of the glaucomatous eyes. Logistic regression analysis revealed a significant influence of axial length in violation of the ISNT rule in the normal eye group, while the mean deviation value was a significant factor for violation of the ISNT rule in the glaucomatous eye group. CONCLUSIONS: The ISNT rule should be cautiously applied when evaluating normal eyes with long axial lengths. In addition, the ISNT rule might not be as effective for detecting early glaucoma.

Repercusiones oftalmológicas del síndrome de apnea-hipopnea obstructiva del sueño (SAHOS) / Ophthalmologic repercussions of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS)

Resumen Las manifestaciones oftalmológicas que se relacionan con el síndrome de apnea-hipopnea obstructiva del sueño (SAHOS) incluyen síndrome de párpado flácido y cambios a nivel del nervio óptico asociados con glaucoma, así como neuropatía óptica isquémica anterior no arterítica y papiledema. La prevalencia del síndrome de párpado flácido en pacientes con SAHOS varía entre 2.3% y 32.6%, mientras que de la asociación entre glaucoma y SAHOS oscila entre 2% y 27%. En la población estudiada en Colombia se encuentra una frecuencia de 2.7% de asociación entre glaucoma de presión normal y SAHOS. El glaucoma presente en estos casos es el primario de ángulo abierto, que bien puede cursar con o sin un aumento de la presión intraocular. En cuanto a la neuropatía óptica isquémica y el papiledema, no se dispone de datos acerca de su prevalencia en pacientes con SAHOS. Se recomienda la valoración por oftalmología a los pacientes diagnosticados con este síndrome.

Abstract Ophthalmologic manifestations associated with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) include floppy eyelid syndrome and changes in the optic nerve related to glaucoma, as well as nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and papilledema. The prevalence of floppy eyelid syndrome in patients with OSAHS ranges between 2.3% and 32.6%, while the association between glaucoma and OSAHS ranges from 2% to 27%. In the population studied in Colombia, an association frequency of 2.7% between normal pressure glaucoma and OSAHS has been found. The type of glaucoma observed in these cases is open-angle primary glaucoma, which may well occur with or without an increase of intraocular pressure. Regarding ischemic optic neuropathy and papilledema, data on their prevalence in patients with OSAHS are not available. An evaluation by ophthalmology is recommended to the patients diagnosed with this syndrome.

Straatsma syndrome: two case reports / Síndrome de Straatsma: dois relatos de caso

Abstract This article reports two cases of Straatsma Syndrome, a rare disease, emphasizing its clinical features that inclued myopia, strabismus and amblyopia associated with persistent myelinated fibers in the retina. Ophthalmic examination, color retinography and optical coherence tomography were performed.

Resumo Este artigo relata dois casos de síndrome de Straatsma, uma doença rara, enfatizando suas características clínicas que incluem miopia, estrabismo e ambliopia associada a persistência de fibras de mielina na retina. Foram realizados exame oftalmológico, retinografia e tomografia de coerência óptica.

The role of ras homolog family/ras homolog family kinase signaling pathway and its inhibitors in the optic nerve disease / 中华眼底病杂志

Ras homolog family (Rho)/ Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) signaling pathway widely exists in human and mammal cells, which is closely related to inhibition of repair after optic nerve damage. The expression level of Rho/ROCK signaling pathway-related proteins is up-regulated in glaucoma, and related with the death of retinal ganglionic cell (RGC) and the axon activity. ROCK inhibitors can protect the surviving RGC and promote axon extension with a dose-dependent manner. ROCK inhibitors also can inhibit glial scar formation, lower intraocular pressure and inhibit inflammatory response to some degrees. Rho/ROCK signaling pathway correlates with the optic nerve disease progression, and ROCK inhibitors hope to become a new therapeutic drug.

The role of ras homolog family/ras homolog family kinase signaling pathway and its inhibitors in the optic nerve disease / 中华眼底病杂志

Ras homolog family (Rho)/ Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) signaling pathway widely exists in human and mammal cells, which is closely related to inhibition of repair after optic nerve damage. The expression level of Rho/ROCK signaling pathway-related proteins is up-regulated in glaucoma, and related with the death of retinal ganglionic cell (RGC) and the axon activity. ROCK inhibitors can protect the surviving RGC and promote axon extension with a dose-dependent manner. ROCK inhibitors also can inhibit glial scar formation, lower intraocular pressure and inhibit inflammatory response to some degrees. Rho/ROCK signaling pathway correlates with the optic nerve disease progression, and ROCK inhibitors hope to become a new therapeutic drug.